Organizational Citizenship Behavior

What is organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)? Describe in your own way. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is behavior that goes beyond the basic requirements of the job, is to a large extent   left to one's own discretion, and is largely beneficial to the organization. OCB comes about as a result of job satisfaction. As employees that are highly satisfied with their jobs are more likely to think that they are being treated fairly , therefore trust in the organization and their employer is likely to arise . This then leads employee's to be more willing in helping out during extra hours voluntarily, volunteering for extra job activities, avoiding unnecessary conflict etc†¦ This is OCB. How is OCB different from normal working behavior? OCB is different from normal working behavior in the sense that the â€Å"employee goes out of his normal working behavior to get involved† (Allen, T. D. , 2006 ) into helping others and go beyond the normal expectations of their jobs. As a normal working behavior would be doing the tasks being asked of you and forced upon you as it is in your job description, but OCB differs from normal working behavior as â€Å"OCBs are employee behaviors that, although not critical to the task or job, serve to facilitate organizational functioning† (Lee and Allen, 2002, p 132). If you are a manager, how do you motivate your subordinates to exhibit more OCBs? Use the theories you have learned from different chapters. Firstly I would like to emphasize the importance of OCB to managers and the organization as a whole as successful organizations need employees who will do more than their usual job duties and provide performance that is beyond expectations and as I have mentioned before OCB describe actions in which employees are willing to go above and beyond their prescribed role requirements. Therefore reiterating the belief that these behaviors are correlated with indicators of organizational effectiveness, therefore showing us that OCB's are crucial for managers. Now, how to motivate subordinates to exhibit more OCB's, using Herzberg's two-factor theory that suggests that motivation factors (which include achievement, recognition, responsibility, growth, and work itself) are strongly related to job satisfaction. I can then say that if I was a manager I would have to make the jobs of my employees challenging, exciting , interesting and satisfying as employees who find their jobs to be such things, â€Å"tend to tolerate demanding supervision, avoid complaining, focus more on positive sides, and forgive organization’s minor faults. These kinds of behaviors are typically related to OCB. † (Herzberg et al. ’s 1959) Since hygiene factors are related to an individual’s job dissatisfaction, one can expect that hygiene factors may also influence an individual’s OCB. Therefore as a manager I would focus on placing hygiene factors such as job security, fringe benefits, and good work conditions so that dissatisfaction from the lack of these factors doesn't occur and OCB is therefore encouraged. Allen, T. D. (2006). Rewarding good citizens: The relationship between   citizenship behavior, gender, and organizational rewards. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 120-143. Lee, K. , & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131-142. Herzberg, F. , Mausner, B. , & Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: Wiley.

The Weather and Folklore of Altocumulus Clouds

An altocumulus cloud is a middle-level cloud that lives between 6,500 to 20,00 feet above ground and is made of water. Its name comes from the Latin Altus meaning high Cumulus meaning heaped. Altocumulus clouds are of the stratocumuliform cloud family (physical form) and are one of the 10 basic cloud types. There are four species of cloud underneath the altocumulus genus: altocumulus lenticularis (stationary lens-shaped clouds that are often mistaken for UFOs)altocumulus castellanus (altocumulus with tower-like sproutings that billow upwards)altocumulus stratiformis (altocumulus in sheets or relatively flat patches)altocumulus floccus (altocumulus with scattered tufts and fringy lower parts) The abbreviation for altocumulus clouds is (Ac). Cotton Balls in the Sky Altocumulus are commonly seen on warm spring and summer mornings. Theyre some of the simplest clouds to identify, especially since they look like balls of cotton stuck into the blue background of the sky. Theyre often white or gray in color and are arranged in patches of wavy, rounded masses or rolls. Altocumulus clouds are often called sheepback or mackerel sky because they resemble the wool of sheep and scales of mackerel fish. Bellwethers of Bad Weather Altocumulus clouds that appear on a clear humid morning can indicate the development of thunderstorms later in the day. Thats because altocumulus clouds often precede cold fronts of low-pressure systems. As such, they also sometimes signal the onset of cooler temperatures. While they are not clouds from which precipitation falls, their presence signals convection and instability at mid-levels of the troposphere. Altocumulus in Weather Folklore Mackerel sky, mackerel sky. Never long wet and never long dry.Mackerel scales and mares tails make lofty ships carry low sails. If youre a fan of weather folklore, youve likely heard the above sayings, both of which are true. The first piece of lore warns that if altocumulus clouds are seen and air pressure begins to fall, the weather wont be dry for much longer because it may start raining within 6 hours time. But once the rain does come, it wont be wet for long because as the warm front passes, so too will the precipitation. The second rhyme warns ships to lower and take in their sails for the same reason; a storm may be approaching soon and the sails should be lowered to protect them from the accompanying high winds.

Knowledge And Shows Emotional Intelligence Through...

Instills knowledge and shows emotional intelligence through humility. A successful manager must be able to balance practical knowledge with emotional intelligence. Professionalism - the expert knowledge, skills, and specific behavior that guide a worker (Batool, Khattak, Saleem, 2016) - must be paired with a clear understanding of behavioral knowledge. This assists the leader in rallying their employees to execute a shared vision. Within this framework, a characteristic that can enhance the effectiveness of a manager is humility. A contemporary view of humility may not immediately correlate with the decisive action and leading by example that is required to eliminate organizational obstacles to achieve desired goals. In fact, we often associate leaders with a higher status, and are generally viewed as more important than the average worker. However, research from Gà ¤chter et al (2012) shows that cooperative leaders contribute more to the group. Cooperation and leader humility is increasingly seen as important to organizational effectiveness (Owens Hekman, 2012). In an interview with Laura Suhr, a young branch manager of a local Honor Federal Credit Union, this trait was emphasized as a vital way for leaders to relate to staff and also remain accessible. Leader humility involves a leader modeling to her workers how to grow (L. Suhr, personal communication, October 7, 2016). This trait produces positive organizational outcomes by leading followers to believe that theirShow MoreRelatedWisdom Essay4887 Words   |  20 PagesProject Paper: Philosophy amp; Wisdom 1.0 INTRODUCTION Data is not information, Information is not knowledge, Knowledge is not understanding, Understanding is not wisdom. - Clifford Stoll - So what exactly is wisdom? Wisdom comes from the word ‘wise’, which means having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment . 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The Career Of A Physician - 1458 Words

Introduction It wasn’t until recently, a few years ago, that I decided what career I wanted to pursue. I first started off joining the military right out of high school and after my fist enlistment of six years did I know that the military career field I was is (Food Service) wasn’t for me. I knew with my own personal experiences that I have encountered through the military that I enjoyed helping people, and volunteering at hospitals. I have always loved biology and anatomy, its remarkable what the human body can accomplish. So when my enlistment was coming to an end I knew I would take this change to go college using my military benefits. I knew right away I wanted to do something in the medical career field, but wasn’t sure which path to†¦show more content†¦That is what really drew me into this career field. I personal think this career is suited very well for my personality as well as my career goals I have for myself. I believe I can be happy do this career for the rest of my life. About the Profession As a physician assistant (PA) one can work in a variety of different settings; hospital, private practice, government, and educational. I personality would like to reenter the military with my PA degree and continue to serve the military until I reach retirement, when than would apply to work for a veteran’s hospital. As a PA your job is to help and care for the sick, I cannot think of a better setting where people are more deserving of treatment and care then military members. I would like to help make sure patients are being listened to as well as proper care, I know from previous experience that not all military healthcare providers take time to listen and make their patients feel secure due to the high volume of patients and low number of healthcare workers. But I would make it a point to try my best to change at my end. I would like to specialize in dermatology, however I am still open to new areas being that I haven’t had much experience in any given specialties y et. I really like that as a PA you are under the direct supervision of a doctor, and at anytime they can step in. Most would see this as undermining, yet I see it as protection and better care for

Should Divorced Parents Remarry Free Essays

OUTLINE I. Introduction Thesis statement: divorced parents should not remarry for the following reasons. II. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Divorced Parents Remarry? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Body A. Divorced parents remarry which will have negative impacts on their children 1. Children will be placed in a complex situation. 2. Parents’ remarriage will give children pernicious influences on their behavior and study. B. Divorced parents will face complex relationships when they remarry 1. Stepparents will get into troubles with stepchildren. 2. Stepparents have to face unresolved issues related to the first marriage. C. Counterargument and refutation. 1. Counterargument. a. Children might have a perfect family with both mother and father which help them mature. b. New spouses in stepfamilies may have strong and harmonious marital relationship. 2. Refutation. a. Remarriage has negative effects on children. b. There are many conflicts happening in stepfamily. III. Conclusion Because of the above reasons, it is better for divorced parents not to remarry. Should divorced parents remarry? Remarriage of divorced parents is always a controversial issue in our modern society. Some of divorced parents choose remarriage as another chance or hope with a new family while many others decide to become a single parent. As making the decision to remarry, divorced parents have to choose a new partner who is suitable not only for them but for their children as well. Havemann and Lehtinen (1990) quoted a sociologist, ‘the difficulty which remarried family must wrestle may be tremendous’ (p. 280). Divorced parents can get into big troubles which people in first marriages will never foresee. In our opinion, divorced parent should not remarry for some rationales. Firstly, divorced parent remarriage is mainly responsible for children’s stress, depression, severe behaviors and bad schoolwork. Children not only can be the unwitting victim of a network of jealous and angry people but also suffer from conflict of loyalty. A study cited by Lutz (as cited in Strong, Devault Sayad, 1998) showed that many children felt stressful and worried because they were put in difficult predicaments. For example, a teenage girl felt heavily stressed. Although she lived with her mother and stepfather, she had to spend her weekends with her maternal grandparents and her paternal grandparents. She was always asked to report what happened at the other place and guard secret about it (R. H. Lauer J. C. Lauer, 2007). Moreover, Visher and Visher (as cited in Devault et al. , 1998) see that many children in the stepfamilies who suffer the conflict of loyalties and loss of love from their parents can be in a state of great anxiety, confusion and they could behave unpredictably. In addition, according to Wallerstein and Kelly (as cited in Schwartz Scott, 1994), remarriages of divorced parents not only cause children’s tension but also affect their study. The boys, for instance, had negative attitudes and did not concentrate on study in school because their father and stepmother refused to send their biological mother money (Havemann Letinen, 1990). Secondly, remarried parents will face stepchildren’s disputation and unresolved issues related to the first marriage. Children at any age tend to oppose and begrudge their stepparent, a newcomer in their family (Lauer Lauer, 2007). In fact, they usually show their distrust, suspect, and resentment toward their stepparent. Even when stepmother try her best to be closed to stepchildren and satisfy their needs, the stepchildren still do not accept her as their real mother since they think that she is trying to replace their biological mother (DeVault, Sayad Strong, 1998). By any cost, children try to â€Å"drive a stepparent out of the home† (Havemann Lehtinen, 1990, p. 82). As a result, remarriages indeed have been devastated and disrupted by teenage stepchildren (Havemann Lehtinen, 1990). Besides, not only stepchildren but also ex-spouses can be a complicated problem with remarried couples. Especially, former marital habits have a negative impact on the rapport between new spouses (Schwartz Scott, 1994). A woman in her 30s, for example, told some troubles about her remarriage. Her husband bought her a nice nightgown, however he had a ritual of buying small size which fit his ex-wife but it did not fit her. Similarly, she also had a mistake that she called her current husband by her ex-partner’s name (Havemann Letinen, 1990). In addition, keeping in touch with ex-spouses is inevitable. For instance, Sager and his associates reported that Mrs. Prince was annoyed because her husband has some calls continuously with his ex-wife many times a day for problems involving his biological children (Lauer Lauer, 2007). Opposing people may claim that divorced parent remarriages may help the children to recover from emotional trauma of their parent’s divorce. Furthermore, on account of becoming older and more experienced than in the first marriages, new spouses in stepfamilies might have strong and harmonious marital relationship. However, as stated previously, parent remarriages put the children in a problematic position and cause their emotional troubles. For stepdaughters, both Hetherington and Joshua Fischman (as cited in Schwartz Scott, 1994) found that they experience more depression and have more negative behaviors. Besides, there are many conflicts happening in a stepfamily, which affects new spouses’ harmony like stepchildren’s disagreement and relationships with ex-spouses. Children’s behaviors have negative effects on the marital rapport, namely they act against stepparents and make a resentful atmosphere (Schwartz Scott, 1994). Furthermore, stepsibling relationship is also one of the biggest problems in stepfamily because it can lead to stepsibling rivalry (Schwartz Scott, 1994). As a result of such disharmony, â€Å"it is often difficult for remarried family to feel like a real family† (Schwartz Scott, 1994, p. 389). In conclusion, complicated problems with stepchildren and ex-spouse and negative impacts on children are two most severe issues in remarriage. Both the quality of the marital relationship and the stability in remarriage are poor. The statistics indicate that divorce people who remarry have a higher divorce rate than those in first marriages (Schwartz Scott, 1994). Therefore, to our view, it is better for divorced parents not to remarry, which benefits both them and their children. Words: 852 * References DeVault, C. , Sayad, B. W. , Strong, B. (1998). The marriage and family experience (7th ed. ). Belmont, Wadsworth publishing company. Havemann, E. Lehtinen, M. (1990). Marriages and families (2nd ed. ). Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lauer, R. H. Lauer, J. C. (2007). Marriage family (6th ed. ). New York: Phillip A. Butcher. Schwartz, M. A. Scott, B. M. (1994). Marriages families. Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. How to cite Should Divorced Parents Remarry?, Papers

Organizational Framework and Structure

Question: Write an essay on Organizational Framework and Structure of Buurtzorg business system. Answer: Buurtzorg follows flat organization structure. For the governance, it appoints Supervisory Board. Staffs members are present at the headquarters that extend support especially coaches, teams as well as Board of Management in formal way. Ard Laferink, IVS as well as Ecare serve important partners for the company named as Buurtzorg. It ensures various sound management system as per given guidelines in the near future. It has extensive growth from the past seven years. In the year 2007, it comprises of 300 clients with Buurtzorg. In the year 2013, it arises with 55000 clients comprising of 698 teams in and across country. Latest growth takes place in more than 100 new locations in the period 2012 to 2013 (Thomas Maurice, 2011). Environmental Analysis of Buurtzorg business system Political Environment Buurtzorg business system continuously opens up for new insights from management laying the Healthcare Industry. It ensures based upon daily terms as well as indulges in issues for examination of insurance companies and government bodies for the same (Peichl Pestel, 2011). It indicates nurses job description in client policies that serves under stakeholders in form of healthcare system. Economical Environment Buurtzorg business system involves in different care groups in merging between new groups as well as Elderly homes in creating economies of scale. It results from turning home care organization as well as Elderly homes in large organizations in form of bureaucratic organization structures (Mountain Davidson, 2011). Social Environment Buurtzorg business system terms in case of products in dealing with target as well as deliverables. It emerges in case of Dutch Healthcare system in the most appropriate way. It engages in cultural shift in case of social and public in form of health management. It ensures market orientation in case of economic ways especially in Dutch Healthcare industry. Technological Environmental Buurtzorg business system grew in expenses for various important values in starting for technological advances in creation of possibilities in increased demand for the same. It leads to macro-economic levels in higher income. Implementation Strategy of Buurtzorg business system Buurtzorg business system aims at describing management innovation as the invention as well as implementation in management practice. It includes process, structure as well as technique in new state in advanced organizational goals. Organizational innovation fails in receiving much attention in types of innovation like technology driven, process innovation as well as strategic innovation and service innovation. Requirements elicitation of Buurtzorg business system Buurtzorg business system refers in requirements elicitation for labeling innovative management. Management innovation refers in introducing novelty for established organization for bringing organizational change for the same. It describes management innovation in invention and implementation for future analysis purpose. It serves as an alternative to existing home care organizations in the most appropriate way. It employs by local private organizations at the same time. Reference List Mountain, A. Davidson, C. (2011).Working together. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Pub. Peichl, A. Pestel, N. (2011).Multidimensional Affluence. Bonn: IZA. Thomas, C. Maurice, S. (2011).Managerial economics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Weiss, A. (2011).Key business solutions. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall.

Using the theory of fiscal federalism Essay Example

Using the theory of fiscal federalism Essay There is much economic literature and debate concerning the classic trade-off between a centralized versus decentralized system of local public good provision. The standard problem goes as follows. Most economies around the world are made up of geographically discrete areas. An obvious example is America, which is composed of distinct states, which are often even completely geographically isolated from the whole (Alaska, Hawaii). Each local area has a local public good, the provision of which benefits the local society. However, public goods often have a spillover effect to other districts, in which case, there are benefits accruing to wider society. The subsequent question is that given the existence of benefits to both local and general society, is it more efficient to have a centralized or decentralized system of decision-making and/or financing? The standard approach to the problem of public good provision assumes that in a centralized system, the government will adopt a standardized level of spending for each area. This is in essence a one size fits all result that doesnt show an appreciation of different local requirements. However, while a decentralized system will be able to respond to heterogeneous local needs, local governments will neglect the wider benefits, which accrue citizens and areas beyond their jurisdiction. Drawing on these assumptions, Oates Decentralization Theorem states that in the absence of spillovers a decentralized system is more efficient. Otherwise, Oates claims there will be a trade-off between the extent of heterogeneity in tastes and the degree of spillovers. 1 However, the argument for a decentralized system relies on the assumption that only a decentralized system will cater for local preferences. In fact, while decentralization may be more effective at tailoring public goods to local requirements, a centralized system in no way implies uniformity of provision across districts. We will write a custom essay sample on Using the theory of fiscal federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Using the theory of fiscal federalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Using the theory of fiscal federalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This logic is neither theoretically, or indeed empirically satisfactory. From a theoretical standpoint it is unclear, Besley and Coates question why it must be the case that a government charged with providing public goods in a centralized system cannot differentiate the levels according to the heterogeneous tastes in each district. 3 An empirical example of centralized differentiation of public good provision is that of federal highway spending in the United States. In the Federal Highway Aid Program a significant proportion of resources have been dedicated to specific projects in the legislators districts. Furthermore, Besley and Coates argue that the general spending formula has been manipulated to target spending to particular favored states. 4 Therefore, I believe that Oates Decentralization Theorem is flawed. A decentralized system may well be preferred as a more efficient arrangement to tailor goods to local needs, but this is not a clear-cut argument, and hence it is difficult and controversial to argue for decentralization solely on this basis. In fact, given that the standard approach is based on a trade-off between non-uniformity (decentralized output) versus spillovers (centralized output), once the constraint that central governments always choose uniform levels of public spending across districts is relaxed, the standard approach suggests that a centralized system will always be preferred. However there is a different case for a decentralized system of provision of local goods, which is based on the theory of fiscal federalism. The argument in this case goes as follows. In a centralized system, local public spending costs are shared creating a conflict of interest between citizens in different areas. When spending decisions are taken by a legislature of locally elected representatives, the conflict of interest for resources will take place in the legislature. Thus, Besley and Coates argue, the drawbacks of centralization stem from the basic conflict of interest among citizens of different districts working through the decision-making process. 5 Spending decisions in the legislator will be determined by a minimum winning coalition of representative, which can creates two major resource allocation problems. Firstly, there will be a misallocation of resources as spending will be skewed towards those areas who have representatives in the winning coalition. Secondly, uncertainty about the makeup of the winning coalition will mean districts are unsure of the amount of public good it will receive. Even if the legislature is committed to maximising the surplus of all its members, this would not necessarily be sufficient to achieve surplus maximizing results, as there would be an incentive for voters to elect representatives which high demand for public spending, and hence lead to overprovision. Hence, Besley and Coates say that: if decisions on local public goods are made by a minimum winning coalition of representatives, the allocation of public goods may be characterized by uncertainty and misallocation across districts. If decisions are made in a more cooperative way, then strategic delegation via elections may produce excessive public spending. 6 The drawbacks of a centralized system stemming from conflicting interests over shared costs might suggest a completely decentralized system whereby decisions are made solely by local government and financed from local taxation. However, as with the standard approach, the drawbacks of the centralized system must be weighed against the benefits of improved coordination of spillovers. If interests are fairly homogenous and spillovers high then a centralized system will produce good results regardless of how the legislature is constituted. This leads Besley and Coates to conclude that, the desiderata determining whether decentralization of centralization is best are the same as under the standard approach. However, the logic is different. 7 So how does this argument relate to the empirical example of the European Union? Unions such as the EU are collectives of nations that jointly decide on the provision of certain supranational goods (such as traditional public goods like defence or legal and regulatory frameworks), which will affect and benefit all members. In a multi country union, some competences are taken away from national control and decided instead at union level. The process of European integration has become far-reaching and quickened in pace. However, Gordon Brown says that the EU must abandon old flawed assumptions that a single market should lead inexorably to fiscal federalism. 8 What is the case for keeping decentralized provision of local public goods or for greater integration in the form of a centralized system of public good provision? The case of centralized system of provision of local public goods rests fundamentally on the trade-off between the internalisation of externalities and the costs of heterogeneity. On the one hand, even when looking at the difficulties that accompany reaching compromises and solutions at EU summits, there is little debate that median preferences in EU member states vary considerably. The efficient level of output of a public good will typically vary from one local jurisdiction to another. Furthermore, there is a worry that coordination of fiscal measures will result in an increase in tax rates in all jurisdictions. However, if the union centralizes to little, it runs the risk of not benefit from externalities, which were a key motivation in the creation of a union and the purpose of attending summits. Two main areas of externality proposed in the fiscal federalism literature are firstly equalisation of welfare across countries, especially targeted at poor relief. And secondly at macroeconomic stabilization. In the case of poor relief, sub-central government will be considerably constrained by the potential mobility of the poor and crucially the tax base. Oates says that this is a basic fiscal externality that results in sub optional levels of support under a purely decentralized system of poor relief. 10 In terms of macroeconomic stabilization, the central government is in a position to influence overall levels of aggregate demand and through tax revenue and transfer payments can respond to changes in the macro-economy. However, the present picture is one where, according to Oates, the central government is not well equipped to take a leading role in addressing Musgravess redistribution and stabilization functions. 11 One response would be to enlarge central government powers, but Oates says that the costs of overall public expansion in the public sector would outweigh the benefits. Instead there is a strong case for decentralization to promote inter-jurisdictional competition to limit growth of public sector on encroaching on the private sector. At the moment, it seems to me that there is too much heterogeneity amongst the European nations, which outweighs externality gains. The integration of Europe has been relatively fast and I believe it will take a longer period for homogeneity of interests across the Union to come about, especially given the integration of the young market economies of Eastern Europe who are lagging behind in economic development. Furthermore, concerning Besley and Coates legislature worries, the EU seems to be dominated by the more powerful countries. For example, amongst the net beneficiaries of CAP (common agricultural policy) are some of the richest countries in the EU. A centralized system of provision of public goods in the EU might suffer from similar problems of a skewing of resources to favour the dominant coalition in the legislature. It seems to me, that the European Union is not yet ready for fiscal federalism.